Methods to calibrate and scale axial distances in confocal microscopy as a function of refractive index

Accurate distance measurement in 3D confocal microscopy is important for quantitative analysis, volume visualization and image restoration. However, axial distances can be distorted by both the point spread function (PSF) and by a refractive‐index mismatch between the sample and immersion liquid, which are difficult to separate. Additionally, accurate calibration of the axial distances in confocal microscopy remains cumbersome, although several high‐end methods exist. In this paper we present two methods to calibrate axial distances in 3D confocal microscopy that are both accurate and easily implemented. With these methods, we measured axial scaling factors as a function of refractive‐index mismatch for high‐aperture confocal microscopy imaging. We found that our scaling factors are almost completely linearly dependent on refractive index and that they were in good agreement with theoretical predictions that take the full vectorial properties of light into account. There was however a strong deviation with the theoretical predictions using (high‐angle) geometrical optics, which predict much lower scaling factors. As an illustration, we measured the PSF of a correctly calibrated point‐scanning confocal microscope and showed that a nearly index‐matched, micron‐sized spherical object is still significantly elongated due to this PSF, which signifies that care has to be taken when determining axial calibration or axial scaling using such particles.     

Automated system for characterization and classification of malaria‐infected stages using light microscopic images of thin blood smears

In this paper, we propose a comprehensive image characterization cum classification framework for malaria‐infected stage detection using microscopic images of thin blood smears. The methodology mainly includes microscopic imaging of Leishman stained blood slides, noise reduction and illumination correction, erythrocyte segmentation, feature selection followed by machine classification. Amongst three‐image segmentation algorithms (namely, rule‐based, Chan–Vese‐based and marker‐controlled watershed methods), marker‐controlled watershed technique provides better boundary detection of erythrocytes specially in overlapping situations. Microscopic features at intensity, texture and morphology levels are extracted to discriminate infected and noninfected erythrocytes. In order to achieve subgroup of potential features, feature selection techniques, namely, F‐statistic and information gain criteria are considered here for ranking. Finally, five different classifiers, namely, Naive Bayes, multilayer perceptron neural network, logistic regression, classification and regression tree (CART), RBF neural network have been trained and tested by 888 erythrocytes (infected and noninfected) for each features’ subset. Performance evaluation of the proposed methodology shows that multilayer perceptron network provides higher accuracy for malaria‐infected erythrocytes recognition and infected stage classification. Results show that top 90 features ranked by F‐statistic (specificity: 98.64%, sensitivity: 100%, PPV: 99.73% and overall accuracy: 96.84%) and top 60 features ranked by information gain provides better results (specificity: 97.29%, sensitivity: 100%, PPV: 99.46% and overall accuracy: 96.73%) for malaria‐infected stage classification.     

时间延迟积分CCD空间相机信噪比的影响因素

为了定量评估影响时间延迟积分(TDI)CCD空间相机信噪比的因素,研究了TDICCD空间相机成像机理和噪声来源,建立了相机的信噪比模型。分析了辐射亮度、积分级数、行频和系统增益(模拟增益)对信噪比的影响。搭建了实验室辐射定标系统,模拟了相机在轨工作时的辐射亮度条件。通过辐射定标对不同工作参数与相机信噪比的关系进行了验证。结果表明:对于TDICCD相机来说,光子散粒噪声、暗电流噪声和固定图形噪声在诸多噪声中起主导作用。相机的输出信号和信噪比均随着辐射亮度、积分级数和系统增益的增加而增大,随着行频的增加而减小。辐射亮度、积分级数、行频和系统增益对信噪比的影响量不同。具体来说,即当辐射亮度、积分级数和行频变化量分别为L倍、M倍、τ倍时,其导致的信噪比变化量略大于L1/2倍、M1/2倍、τ-1/2倍。系统增益只能在相对较小的范围内影响信噪比,且信噪比变化幅度随着增益的提高逐渐减小。     

采用可变增益观测器的红外导引头导气管扰动补偿

为了提高红外导引头的跟踪精度,降低导气管对导引头控制系统的影响,提出一种新型可变增益扰动观测器。首先,利用搭建的导引头实验系统研究了导气管干扰的扰动特性。然后,在分析导气管扰动的系统特性基础之上,结合经典扰动观测器理论,设计了新型可变增益扰动观测器,并分析了其鲁棒稳定性。最后,针对某实际红外导引头系统,设计了可变增益扰动观测器,并进行了导气管扰动抑制实验。结果表明:经典扰动观测器无法对导气管的扰动进行有效的抑制,而采用可变增益扰动观测器后,系统速度阶跃响应稳定精度提高71.1%;位置阶跃响应稳定精度提高42.8%。研究表明可变增益扰动观测器可以有效地抑制红外导引头中的导气管扰动。     

高纯煤沥青作为浸渍剂在特种石墨制备中浸渍工艺试验研究

研究了高纯煤沥青作为浸渍剂应用于特种石墨制备中的浸渍工艺,通过比较增重率及开口气孔率来考察浸渍温度、压力、反应时间等因素对浸渍效果的影响,确定最佳浸渍工艺参数为浸渍温度160~180℃;浸渍压力0.9~1.3 MPa;浸渍时间90~120 min,在此条件下,制品的增重率和开口气孔率平均分别达20.6%,14%,得到致密的制品表面。     

电大复杂目标RCS缩比模型验证

为验证电大复杂目标RCS缩比模型的可靠性和有效性,依据电磁场理论推导得到了缩比模型和实际目标场分布相同的约束条件.对形状相同规格不同的标准体分别采用暗室测量和软件(FEKO、HFSS)仿真的方法进行了验证,并通过FEKO和HFSS仿真分析了某型飞机的RCS和缩比模型的RCS,很好地解决了大型或超大型复杂目标RCS难得到或无法得到的问题.     

新型弹性缩放式人工肛门括约肌系统研究

为治疗肛门失禁问题,设计一种基于弹性缩放原理的新型人工肛门括约肌系统。弹性缩放式假体内壁嵌入超薄(0.208mm)生物压力传感器,感知假体开合程度,在体内控制单元的控制下,实现对肠道的精准咬合与释放;在假体闭合状态下,假体内嵌传感器实时感知肠道压力变化,根据此压力参数,系统智能识别便意并实现排便预警。括约肌系统设置体外便捷式遥控端,方便患者自主选择排便时间;系统采用经皮能量传输方式实现安全供能。开展了针对假体的力学实验,与血供安全力学分析,保证假体的缩放功能符合临床应用要求。进行3次离体实验,其结果验证了系统的控便稳定性并初步取得便意阈值。     

A 40 M–1000 MHz 77.2‐dB spurious free dynamic range CMOS RF variable gain amplifier for digital TV tuner ICs

In this paper, a 40 M–1000 MHz 77.2‐dB spurious free dynamic range (SFDR) CMOS RF variable gain amplifier (VGA) has been presented for digital TV tuner applications. The proposed RFVGA adopts a wideband operational‐amplifier‐based VGA and a wideband buffer with differential multiple gated transistor linearization method for wideband operation and high linearity. The SFDR of the proposed RFVGA is also analyzed in detail. Fabricated in a 0.13‐µm CMOS process, the RFVGA provides 31‐dB gain range with 1‐dB gain step, a minimum noise figure of 7.5 dB at a maximum gain of 27 dB, and maximum in‐band output‐referred third‐order intercept point of 27.7 dBm, while drawing an average current of 27.8 mA with a supply voltage of 3.3 V. The chip core area is 0.54 mm × 0.4 mm. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

一种耦合电感高增益开关DC/DC变换器

针对光伏发电并网系统对前级DC/DC变换器的要求,提出一种基于耦合电感倍压单元Boost变换器和flyback变换器的高增益非隔离DC/DC变换器。该变换器采用输出侧串联结构,提高了变换器的电压增益,同时引入由二极管和电容组成的箝位电路,有效吸收了漏感能量,抑制了漏感引起的电压尖峰,降低了开关管的电压应力,提高了效率,同时耦合电感倍压单元进一步增加了变换器电压增益。详细分析了变换器的工作原理及工作特性,进行了理论公式的推导,并给出了关键器件的设计步骤。最后通过一台360 W的实验样机验证了理论分析的正确性。     

尿素装置蒸发分离器防结垢改造及处理措施

中原大化公司尿素装置与三聚氰胺装置联产,尿素装置蒸发系统回收三聚氰胺小尿素产生的浓度为65%的尿液。针对三聚氰胺小尿素返还的尿液中含有的OAT,易造成尿素装置蒸发系统二段分离器结垢、甚至造成蒸发系统停运的问题,采取了蒸发系统改造和蒸发热洗优化的措施,结果表明,尿素装置蒸发系统运行稳定。